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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 158 |
| | | A new doctor, Galen, is appointed to look after the gladiators at Pergamum | |
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| 161 |
| | | Marcus Aurelius, for long the designated heir, becomes emperor on the death of Antoninus Pius | |
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| 165 |
| | | The Romans annexe Doura-Europus, giving it its most prosperious period as a frontier town between the Roman and Persian empires | |
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| c. 165 |
| | | The bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, on the Capitol in Rome, begins a long European tradition of public sculpture | |
|  | Marcus Aurelius, equestrian statue, 2nd century AD
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| c. 170 |
| | | Marcus Aurelius is rare among emperors in writing twelve books of philosophical Meditations | |
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| c. 175 |
| | | The Han emperor in China has the six main Confucian classics engraved in stone, so that scholars may take rubbings - a first step towards printing | |
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| 177 |
| | | On the order of Marcus Aurelius, Christians in Lyons are tortured to death - an instance of persecution unusual at this time | |
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| c. 200 |
| | | The potato is cultivated in the Peruvian Andes | |
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| c. 200 |
| | | Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi compiles the Mishnah, a six-part digest of the Oral Torah | |
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| c. 200 |
| | | The rock tombs of prosperous Petra, now incorporated in the Roman empire, are carved in the cliffs as classical temples | |
|  | Petra, the Treasury
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| c. 208 |
| | | Ardashir is crowned king of Fars - a first step towards his founding of the Sassanian dynasty in Persia | |
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| 221 |
| | | The Han dynasty is brought to an end, after more than four centuries, by decades of peasant unrest | |
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| c. 230 |
| | | Ardashir, the Persian king, commissions a relief of himself in triumphant mood - carved high on a rock face at Naqsh-e Rustam | |
|  | Naqsh-e-Rustam
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| c. 232 |
| | | A house in Doura-Europus is adapted for Christian worship - the earliest surviving example of its kind | |
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| c. 244 |
| | | Plotinus, moving from Alexandria to Rome, teaches the influential philosophy later known as Neo-Platonism | |
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| c. 245 |
| | | Origen, living in Caesarea, compiles the Hexapla, displaying versions of the Old Testament in six columns for comparative study | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | Roman socks, surviving in dry Egyptian tombs, are the earliest known examples of knitting | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | The Goths split into two major groups, the Visigoths northwest of the Black Sea and the Ostrogoths further east | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | The Persian prophet Mani establishes the dualistic Manichaean religion | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | The Christians of Rome use the catacombs as tomb chambers, and decorate the walls with murals on New Testament themes | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | The Picts win a dominant position among tribes in the northern regions of Britain, or Scotland | |
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| 258 |
| | | Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is one of many Christians martyred for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods | |
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| 274 |
| | | The emperor Aurelian, grateful for the apparent assistance of a Syrian sun god, establishes the cult of the Unconquered Sun - whose birthday is December 25 | |
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| 284 |
| | | Diocletian, commanding an army near the Bosphorus in Thracia, is proclaimed emperor by his troops | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | Horses strong enough to carry men wearing armour are put to good use by northern barbarians, and by Romans in border regions such as Dacia | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | The Chinese transform the toe loop of nomadic horsemen into the metal stirrup | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | St Anthony, one of the early Christian hermits in the Egyptian desert, is tempted by terrifying hallucinations | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | The Jews of the Diaspora have by now spread through much of the Roman empire, where they are treated with tolerance | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | Ten dynasties and nineteen kingdoms jockey for power in the three centuries after the fall of the Han dynasty | |
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| 303 |
| | | The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire | |
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| 305 |
| | | Diocletian resigns from his position as Augustus because of ill health, and retires to Dalmatia | |
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| 306 |
| | | Constantine's father, recently appoinnted Augustus in the west, dies at York and the young man is proclaimed Augustus in his place by the legions in Britain | |
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| 312 |
| | | Constantine, preparing for battle against a rival at the Milvian Bridge, orders his men to wear a Christian symbol, the Chi-Rho, on their shields | |
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| 313 |
| | | Constantine meets his co-emperor Licinius in Milan, and persuades him to follow a policy of encouraging the Christians | |
|  | Head of Constantine
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| 314 |
| | | Warming to his new Christian role, Constantine summons more than 300 bishops to Arles to discuss the controversial issue of Donatus | |
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